Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drinks and Vitamin-Enhanced Case Study

Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drinks and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages - Case Study Example The commercial attributes of the substitute drinks segment of the industry are different from other groups of drinks. Substitute beverages competed based on differentiation from ancient drinks like carbonated drinks or fruit drinks. In addition, the market began with reduced competition, which later led to abrupt transformation as various new product lines joined and profit margins seriously suffered from reduction of prices. The entire beverage industry face reduced profit margin emanating from increased competition and inability to differentiate their products. The buyers’ negotiation ability and advantage was a significant competitive force. Emerging brands with reduced market shares were highly vulnerable to purchasers’ advantage as storage space was limited whereas top brands had substantial shelf space. Supplier’s advantage and negotiation power represented the weakest force of competition. Several substitute beverage ingredients sellers had to struggle to market their brands. New ingredient suppliers had a relative advantage in bargaining with producers of energy drinks than popular ingredient suppliers. The competition between substitute beverage sellers was the strongest force. Rivalry between key brands centers mainly on the brand reputation, attractive taste, appealing packaging, sales advertisement and promotion, and attaining better shelf space access and reinforcing distribution abilities. Competitive forces that have a substantial impact on attractiveness of industry include substitute beverage brand, reduced switching cots on consumers’ part, aggressiveness and activeness of suppliers’ efforts and a strong focus on endorsements, promotion of sales and advertisements. Â  Beverage market is rapidly changing. The preferences for alternative products are increasing while the preference for traditional drinks decreasing. The driving factors for substitute drink industry involve

Swan lake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Swan lake - Essay Example The performance seemed to have been based on expression of the early and the late 1800’s Romantic ballets. The actors’ body movements, their facial expressions as well as the performance costumes, perfectly matched those that were used in during the era of Romantic Ballets of the 1800’s. Apart from the costumes, facial expressions and body movements, the actors also had facial and body make-ups that gave the Swan Lake performance a mood of the late and the 1800’s where, majority of the actors were women, with sharply painted lips, properly defined and eyebrows. On the other hand, men were also decorated with different make-ups that defined their age differences as well as social status. Additionally, the performance had a perfectly coherent classical background music that gave its audience various moods. The music generally gave a feeling of sadness added by the sad facial expression exhibited by some of the actors. In terms of lighting, the performance involved the use of different lighting colors, basically indicating the different moods of the idea passed across by the actors. The lighting was properly integrated with the background music in the sense that when, the music played at a faster frequency, a different background light was flashed. The performance had a happy ending, usually evident in most love stories. This is another feature that gave it a feel of the Romantic ballets that were common in the early and the late 1800’s. In as much as the performance had various features associated with Romantic ballets, the there was too much use of certain colors specifically, the white color that was used majorly by the lady actors. This color was too conspicuous and created a sense of boredom. In addition, there were some dull colors used by the male actors that made the performance quite dull and boring, thus reducing the overall quality of the performance

The World Largest Brand Name Apparel Marketers Marketing Essay

The World Largest Brand Name Apparel Marketers Marketing Essay Levis Strauss and Company is one of the world largest brand-name apparel marketers. Levis Strauss and Company is one of the successful Jeanswear shop in America States. The innovation of the rivets in the jeans differentiated Levis jeans from others because of its increased durability. (Levis) The Fast changes in consumer tastes, competition from both lower and higher-end brands, the fast development in the modern distribution and sales technology has brought about a continuing loss of market share. (Levi Strauss Co. Marketing Plan) Levis Strauss and company was established in 1873, Levis jeans are the original, authentic jeans. They are the most successful, widely recognized and often imitated clothing products clothing product in the history of apparel. Over successive generations, Levis jeans have captured the attention, imagination and loyalty of diverse individuals. (Levis) As the inventor of the category, the Levis brand continues to define jean wear with the widest range of products available, from quintessential class such as the famous Levis 501 Original jean, to favorite fits and styles in the Red Tab and premium collections. (Levis) 1.1 Mission To sustain responsible commercial success as a global marketing company of branded apparel. They must Balance goals of superior profitability and return in investment, leadership market positions and superior product and services. They will conduct their business ethically and demonstrate leadership in satisfying their responsibilities to their communication and to society. (Levi Strauss Co. Marketing Plan) 1.2 Vision Levis Strauss brands are filled with examples of the key role their value have played in meeting consumer needs. Four core values are at the heart of Levi Strauss Co Empathy, Originality, Integrity and Courage. These four values are linked. As Levis look at their history, a story of how Levis core values work together and are the source of their success. Likewise, Levis brands embody many of the core values that consumers live by. This is why Levis brands have stood the test of time. 2. Objective The objectives of Levis brand continues to define Jeanswear with the widest range of product available, from quintessential classics, such as the famous Levis Original jean, to favourite fits and styles in Red Tab and premium collections. Levis jeans have captured the attention, imagination, and loyalty of generations of diverse individuals. The brand has continues received critical acclaim from industry insiders. The brands profile is growing internationally. Levis Strauss and company next target focus to expand more in different city flagship store. To review Levis Jeanswear market situation of the global highlighting the competitive positions and branding strategies of the market. To identify the successful branding strategies Levis Jeanswear has employed to achieve its dominant market position. To evaluate on the effectiveness of Levis Jeanswear branding strategies in sustaining its sales performance. 3. Situation Analysis Situation analysis is a marketing term, and involves evaluating the situation and trends in particular companys market. Situation analysis is often called the three C, which refers to the three major elements that are Company, Customers, and Competition. Company Despite these reductions Levi Strauss Company had most of its early success because the firm was behaving monopolistically. The company patented the riveted jeans, increasing durability, and gaining popularity. Levis Strauss Co. maintained its corporate responsible image and progressive stance on social, labor, and environmental issues, which may have long run profit opportunities. Customers There is many Levis Jeanswear loyalty to maintain existing customers. Levis Jeanswear is the youthfulness of their brand jeans. The 501 product line and the Red Tab collection offer jeans that appeal to younger consumers competing with the high-end jean competitors. Competition Competitors successfully were able to take from Levis market due to heavy advertising and branding. Branding was especially effective for companies like Calvin Klein that targeted high-end consumers. Levis jeans may be physically the same as its competitor physically competitors, consumer preferences are affected by brand name. 3.1 SWOT analysis Levis opportunities and threats Levis Strauss, Levis Strauss Co. is one of the worlds largest brand-name apparel marketers with sales in more than 110 countries. There is no other company with a comparable global presence in the jeans and casual pants markets. Nowadays Levi Strauss develops technological higher production and coordination activities. In addition, Levi Strauss also develop new website is convenient for consumers shopping and also develop new products and services. The constant of threats is possible recession and people less likely to spend money on trend items and economic downturns in some countries. Bad economic is also an issue for Levis Strauss such as recession and the weakness of currency, people are likely to spend lesson trend items. Other than that, increasing competition from product of the higher end of the market and price wars with competitor. 3.2 Value chain analysis Support activities Primary activities Primary activities Inbound logistics: Inbound Logistics is the transportation planning in one of the major business processes. In order to achieve operational excellence, increase the merger, Levis Strauss plans common needs and external traffic inbound logistics, receiving their suppliers purchase. They stored goods production or assembly line needs. Goods may move around the organization. Operations: At this stage of product assembly or manufacturing. Self is co-produced fashion industry packaging. The design of the packaging represents the image of Levis Strauss. Outbound logistics: Collect, store and distribute the product to send along the supply chain to retailers in different countries. The retailers will send goods to outlets. Marketing and sales: The marketing communication strategies are the best ways to deliver message to consumers that Levis Strauss applied were advertising through the magazines, bill board and fashion show. Prepared to provide targeted, in order to meet consumer demand. Service: To fulfill consumers desirable, that are some things should have to concern on these; consumer always has clothes fitness problems, thus after sales service is important to exchange the size of Jeanswear or modify it. Other than that, to provide stuffs training how to service difference behavior of consumers and updating their Jeanswear information. Support activities Procurement: Levis Strauss needs of all the goods, services and materials procurement. This is because for the lowest possible price to buy the highest quality possible. This includes outsourcing that is usually done in-house business for the same from other companies and use of IT and networking technology to achieve procurement goals. Technology development: The innovation of technologies helps the Levis Strauss to sustain competitive advantage. Technology is an important of the competitive advantage. Human resources management: Levis Strauss is guided by a strong growth strategy in managing and developing its human resource capacity. Potential employees are evaluated in terms of their alignment to the companys winning characteristics which are directly linked to the Levis business strategies, mission and vision of integrity, courage, empathy and originality. Firm infrastructure: The formal systems of planning finance quality control, information management and the structures and routines that are part of an organizations culture. 3.3 PEST analysis The remote environment comprises factors that originate beyond and usually irrespective of, any single firms operating section: political, economic, social and technological factors. That environment presents firms with opportunities, threats, and constraints, but rarely does a single firm exert any meaningful reciprocal influence. Political factor: Political factor is very important to make sure the growth of the clothing industry in America States. With the peaceful environment, America States became one of the worlds attractive fashion destinations. (Easy club) Economic Factor: One of the main beneficiaries of the recession is the value clothing sector as consumers spend most on discretionary items with increased caution. According to Verdict forecasts, America States clothing spends in 2009 had declined 0.6%. However, estimation that value clothing sales will grow by 5.0%. Grocers are expected to make further gains in 2009 and increase their share of the value clothing market to 34.2%. In long term, the gains that grocers to be made will prove a further threat to value clothing specialists by improving store environments and fully exploiting multichannel capabilities. Social factor: Americans become more enjoy fashion nowadays; they will conservative and old-fashioned image of traditional shops. They prefer on those shops with a trendier image, such as Levis older and often affluent consumers remain fashion conscious. Technological factor: Levis have combined the four core technology are at the heart of Levis Strauss Co Empathy, Originality, Integrity and Courage, durable and easy to care for. However, further technology on textile with other characteristics will produce, such as cellulite-reducing hosiery or moisturizing properties. Prices are likely to increase as the result of these changes in the textile technology, therefore assisting in growing the value of the market. 3.4 Porters 5 Forces Industry Competitive: Jeanswear industry is characterized by small fashion 501, but there has been a recent trend towards consolidation and economies of scale. Businesses compete on price, quality, differentiation and relationship with key suppliers. However, there are not many players that establish a reputation for bringing style and innovation to the high street. Due to this Levis has the advantage of being a high streets retail phenomenon. Bargaining power of suppliers: Suppliers do not have much bargaining the fashion industry because their products and their commercial nature of the sales forces of developed markets. Can affect the garment industry from the original input price fluctuations, but the change is a global determinants of supply and demand, rather than the bargaining power of suppliers caused. Bargaining power of customers: The buyers power is significant in that buyers can force prices down, demand higher quality products or services, and, in essence, play competitors against one another, all resulting in potential loss of industry profits. Buyers exercise more power when they are large-volume buyers, the product is a significant aspect of the buyers costs or purchases, the products are standard within Jeanswear industry, there are few changing or switching costs, the buyers earn low profits, potential for backward integration of the buyer group exists, the Jeanswear is not essential to the buyers product, and the buyer has full disclosure about supply, demand, prices, and costs. (Reference for business) Threat of new entrants: New entrants can also expect a barrier in the form of government policy through federal and state regulations and licensing. New firms can expect retaliation from existing companies and also face changing barriers related to technology, strategic planning within the industry, and manpower and expertise problems. Threat of Substituted: The substitute product in fashion industry is low. Every individual needs to wear clothes in their daily activities to prevent cold and harmful to their skin. There is no substitute other than wear clothes. The only alternative is individual can make clothes their own but this alternative rarely happen. 3.5 Ansoff matrix Existing Product New Product Existing Market New Market In Ansoff Matrix, Levis Strauss is currently in position of market penetration as Levis Strauss intends to sell its existing markets to maintain or increase the market share of current product. This can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling. Other than that, increase usage by existing customer by introducing loyalty schemes; the business is focusing on markets and product it knows well. It is likely to have good information on competitors and on customer needs. On the other hand, Levis Strauss also in different position of market development intends to sell its existing product into new markets in different countries. In this stage, Levis Strauss is facing medium-high risk in entering new market as there in many popular clothes retailer in the market. The issues of new geographical, product packaging, distribution channels and different pricing policies to attract different customer or create a new market segments that is Levi Strauss planning to enter must also take into consideration. Therefore, Levis Strauss takes risk segmentation into different countries. 3.6 Porters Generic Strategies Cost Differentiation Broad Narrow Levi Strauss is paining to employ differentiation strategy to make Levis Jeanswear to be more common, Levis Strauss provides Levis 501 Original Jeanswear for men, women, teens, and children. Since launching the campaign, worldwide sales of 501 jeans have increased substantially. Although it is encouraging to see the flagship 501 line growing again, these sales increases were not incremental. So everyone is a potential customer for Levis. Levis generally appeals to more mature generations not necessarily looking to make a fashion statement. Levis makes an effort to appeal to all customers in one way or another, which been a key to their success over the years. 4. Evaluation of Suitability The suitability of the strategic options is assessed based on their compatibility with the current competitive environment of the fashion industry, Levis own corporate vision and mission and how it would sustain or improve the competitive position of the organisation. Strategic Position Concept To understand Strategy must address PEST Key environmental Driver/ Changes in industry Structure The remote environment comprises factors that originate beyond and usually irrespective of, any single firms operating section: political, economic, social and technological factors. That environment presents firms with opportunities, threats, and constraints, but rarely does a single firm exert any meaningful reciprocal influence. Porters Five-Forces Industry attractiveness competitive forces Porters essential message is that where these five forces are high, then industries are not attractive to compete in. There will be too much competition and too much pressure to allow reasonable profits. Value Chain Opportunities for vertical integration or outsourcing A value chain describes the categories of activities within and around an organisation, how Levis create a product or services 4.1 Tows matrix Levis Strauss chosen because it demonstrates how a successful company experienced great difficulties in the early 1853, but then developed a strategy that resulted in an excellent market position in the late 2003. The TOWS Matrix shown will focus on the crucial period from late 1853 to early 2003. The external threats and opportunities pertain mostly to the situation Levis Strauss faced in the United States. Strengths (S) Brand name. Access to target market with over 300 stores nationwide. Finance and access to international capital. Distribution channels and global sourcing. Weakness (W) High costs of brand protection. Lack of control over quality. Lack of control over distribution. Distribution conflicts. Opportunities (O) Largest brand-name apparel marketers with sales in more than 110 countries. Technological development higher production and coordination activities. Develop new product and services. A new market on website shipping. SO-Strategies Increase sales and supply to different countries. (S1,O1) Build technological development higher production and new production and services in different 300 stores nationwide.(S2, O2, O3) Create channels and website shipping to global sourcing. WO-Strategies High costs of production brand in markets. (W1, O1) Lack of control in technological development production and distribution. (W2, W3, O2) Improve distributor services and website shipping benefits. (W4, O3, O4) Threats (T) Possible recession and people less likely to spend money on trend items. Competition from product of the higher end of the market. Economic downturns in some countries Price wars with competitors Increasing competition. ST Meet competitors advanced design of the market. (S1, S2, T2) Economic and finance are the keys of the issue. (S3, T1, T3) Globalization increasing competitor and price wars with competitors. (S4, T4, T5) WT Reduce threat of competition by developing flexible product line. (W1, W2, W3, T1, T2) 4.2 Direction for Growth Strategic option To summarises these point from earlier section and provides examples of reasons why strategy directions or might be regarded as suitable. Strategic Environment Capability Expectations Market penetration Levi Strauss intends to sell its existing markets to maintain or increase the market share of current product. Increase usage by existing customer by introducing loyalty schemes; the business is focusing on markets and product it knows well. It is likely to have good information on competitors and on customer needs. Market development Levi Strauss is facing medium-high risk in entering new market as there in many popular clothes retailer in the market. The issues of new geographical, product packaging, distribution channels and different pricing policies to attract different customer or create a new market segments that is Levi Strauss planning to enter must also take into consideration Levi Strauss intends to sell its existing product into new markets in different countries and takes risk segmentation into different countries. Differentiation Differentiation strategy to make Levis jean to be more common. Levi Strauss provides Levis 501 Original Jeanswear for men, women, teens, and children. So everyone is a potential customer for Levis. Levis generally appeals to more mature generations not necessarily looking to make a fashion statement. Levis makes an effort to appeal to all customers in one way or another, which been a key to their success over the years. Ranking strategic options Options are assessed against key factors relating to the strategic position of the organisation and a score or ranking established for each option. Key strategic factors Strategic option Family ownership Increased globalisation Low-price imports Increased of marketing Good of quality control Increased sales Ranking Market penetration O X O X O ? B Market development X O X O X O C Differentiation O X O O O O A O=favourable; X=unfavourable;? =uncertain or irrelevant. A=most suitable; B=possible; C=unsuitable. Evaluation of Acceptability The acceptability of the strategic options is assessed based on the stakeholders expectations. 5.1 Stakeholders Expectations The stakeholders of Levis Strauss are comprised of shareholders, management, employees, suppliers, contributors and the customers. The shareholders are likely to accept all the strategies as they have already witnessed Levis Strauss successful turnaround and regain of profitability. The management built up more positive steps in achieving its vision and mission these initiatives illustrate the progress Levis Strauss have made in building strong, collaborative relationships with their wholesale customers. To working closely with these customers and developing plans to ensure Levis brands continue to be broadly accessible to consumers despite continued retail door closures and bankruptcies in the United States. On the other hand, the employees may be very supportive of the differentiation strategy and market development business simplifying measures recommended. The suppliers and contributors would have learnt by now to live with Levis Strauss differentiation strategy and market development their operations to fit themselves into Jeanswear operating style. Levis customers are likely to welcome the Jeanswear innovation capabilities with the creation of a Global Market Development Centre at their owned-and-operated manufacturing plant in different courtiers. Strategy 1- Market Development Key stakeholders Rewards Risks Shareholders Higher profit, performance, clear direction. Unpredictable economics crisis. Managers Performance, targets, growth, bonus. Cultural problems. Employees Rates of pay, high employment rate. Job security, time period. Trade unions Working conditions, wages rate. Legal requirements. Customers More Levis Jeanswear available. Ethical products. Suppliers High demand of resources. Delivery problems. Government Taxation. Explicit Federal laws in certain countries. General public Jobs, involvement, shares Environmental issues Strategy 2-Differentation Key stakeholders Rewards Risks Shareholders Higher profit, performance, clear direction. Loss. Managers Performance, targets, growth, bonus. Time consume, sales volume. Employees Rates of pay. Job security. Trade unions Working conditions, minimum wages. Legal requirements. Customers More choices, better quality and customer care. Ethical products. Suppliers High demand of resources. Government Taxation. Legislation. General public Jobs, involvement, shares. Environmental issues. Feasibility The feasibility of the three strategic options is assessed based on the Levis Strauss current resources. Current Resources The actual resources required for the implementation of the three strategies are summarized in Table 4 under four categories: (1) product/service feasibility, (2) market feasibility, (3) organizational feasibility and (4) financial feasibility. Strategy 1- Market development Key resources Analysis Product/ Service feasibility Levi Strauss market development intends to sell its existing product into new markets in different countries. Levi Strauss must control their product and service quality, the patent strategy to maintain its brand reputation. Market feasibility The issues of new geographical, product packaging, distribution channels and different pricing policies to attract different customer or create a new market segments that is Levi Strauss planning to enter must also take into consideration. Organizational feasibility The brand and formula have to carefully designed and properly execute. Levis Strauss able to expand rapidly takes risk segmentation into different countries. Financial feasibility According to the Levis Strauss annual report 2009 that company sales and profit has increased, so there are no financial problems to support market develop strategy. . Strategy 2- Differentiation Key resources Analysis Product/ Service feasibility Levi Strauss provides Levis 501 Original Jeanswear for men, women, teens, and children. Since launching the campaign, worldwide sales of 501 jeans have increased substantially. market feasibility The flagship 501 line growing again, these sales increases were not incremental. So everyone is a potential customer for Levis. Levis generally appeals to more mature generations not necessarily looking to make a fashion statement. Organizational feasibility Levis generally appeals to more mature generations not necessarily looking to make a fashion statement. Levis makes an effort to appeal to all customers in one way or another, which been a key to their success over the years. Financial feasibility According to the Levis Strauss annual report 2009, the sales and profit of the company has increased, so there is no financial problem to support franchising strategy. However, the in-store advisor service is free of charge; Levis Strauss has to cover this expense from other sectors. Selection of One Strategic Option for Implementation The above evaluation data have indicated that in fact all the two strategic options are equally important and necessary for the future growth of Levis Strauss and should be implemented to the long term benefits of Levis Strauss. The complexity and risks in implementation of the two options are summarized in below. Strategic Option Implementation Requirements Complexity Risk (1) Market development Involves higher capital injection management ingenuity to implement in view of other competitors Hardest with higher risks (2) Differentiation Involves strong management will and resolve to implement. Changing staffs working attitudes and instituting a new Levis 501 Original Jeanswear for men, women, teens, and children. Launching the campaign, worldwide sales of 501 jeans have increased substantially would need a lot of patience and tact. Medium hard, needs management will and tact Naturally, among the two strategic options, the strategic option 2 should be selected as the first choice since it can be implemented quickly and getting faster results. Implementation From the evaluation above, Levis Strauss select differentiation strategy to achieve their vision and mission. Differentiation strategy helps Levis Strauss to expand further more different gender and different ages to wear Levis Jeanswear and establish the brand as a fashion authority in every city. The implementation strategy can describe in three sections, which is resources management, organizational structure and management of change. Key issues Analysis Resources management Resource management refers to the possibility under discussion is a factor. Levi Strauss has confirmed that the factor is the most likely way to work. Levi Strauss can use the budget or other performance management tools to study the effectiveness of differentiation strategy. Organizational structure In this stage Levis Strauss has to deal with issues regarding levels of hierarchy, together with structural form and style of management. Management of change Some management of Levis Strauss might not aware of the need for changes in strategy implementations. Thus Levis Strauss must review the speed, scope and style of the changes, in order to obtain full commitment to them. The company maintained profits by providing a wide range of products, capturing new markets and increasing its market shares. The company created barriers to entry by patents and trademarks, and by differentiating its product from generic jeans. However as more firms entered the market, the company started losing customers and incurring losses. The upstart companies captured niche market shares from Levi Levis s immense market domination. Despite this reduction of sales, Levi Strauss Co. maintained its corporate responsible image and progressive stance on social, labor, and environmental issues, which may have long long-run profit opportunities. Conclusion This report had analyzed the situation and the growth strategy of Jeanswear line of Levis Strauss. The evaluation of the suitability, acceptability and feasibility had examined on chosen options. The options are products and services development and differentiation strategy. The strategy chosen is differentiation strategy to achieve the mission and vision. The launch of differentiation strategy helps Levis Strauss to expand their business effectively and efficiently. By respond quickly to emerging trends, Levis Strauss has become a successful fashion retailer within the shortest possible lead times to carve out a reputation for its ability.

The Movie Bugsy :: essays research papers

BUGSY Benjamin Segal was an infamous mobster during the World War II era, a time when America was experiencing national unity. The world war was in the back of everyone’s mind. In the middle of all this madness the daily trials of being American were harder than the easier times of today. Benjamin Seigal was a big part of the mob. He was the mastermind behind the great town of Las Vegas. His borderline genius was shown throughout the movie, as well as his borderline madness. Ben Seigal aka bugsy was confronted by many problems throughout his life both the one that set him back was his love for the ladies, which led to his demise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Main Characters include Bugsy-Warren Beatty –the main character Virginia Hall-Annette Benning –Bugsy’s love interest Mickey Cohen-Harvey Keitel –Bugsy’s right hand Harry Greenberg-Elliot Gould –Bugsy’s friend from NY Meyer Lansky-Ben Kingsley –Bugsy’s boss Warren Beatty was the main character in this film. Virginia Hill was Bugsy’s love interest. These two actors did a wonderful job of acting in a manner congruent with the times of the 40’s. The cast was sprinkled with tremendous talent such as Harvey Keitel, Ben Kingsley, and Elliot Gould. As a whole I think the cast did a magnificent job taking the viewers to an era of America, which is not easily forgotten by those who lived through it. A time when the world was being destroyed by the Nazi Germans was over shadowed by America’s self-involvement. A time when Americans were beginning to be proud of their little world power was accented by the world war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wardrobe and setting were excellent. The clothes the actor wore were so authentic and representative of the times. I had a conversation with my grandmother and she reminisced with me about the times in which this movie took place. She told me stories of her youthful days. She raised her nine children on Long Island in the state of New York. She witnessed the power of the mafia in the time when the mob ruled. While watching the movie she pointed out several things she had remembered from her youth. There were signs on restaurants and businesses that read, â€Å"we have air conditioning† a sign of the times. Signs that advertised things that are either not available today or completely obsolete filled the background. Air conditioning was in its early stages of development. Today I don’t think anyone would patronize a place of business that did not have air conditioning.

How the World Began Essay

There was no world yet and there were gods living in a great brightness in a circular space Magbabaya, Dadanyahan and Makabughaw were the three gods who first lived in order and balance Makabughaw created the first wind. Magbabaya created the earth from the soil coming from Dadanyahan’s mouth but it was dry and colorless. Dadanyahan sprinkled his saliva and blessed by Magbabaya and it was the first rain. When water washed over the earth it created different landforms and water forms. Vegetation also sprouted and grow. Magbabaya and Makabughaw scoped some soil and made a figure with the use of Dadanyahan’s saliva. They put bones, blood vessels and blood to the seven figures they formed. Magbabaya and Dadanyahan fight about the figures. The weapons they used in fighting, sank to the ground and became the sources of metals for transportation. They agreed to end their fights and made the final form of the figures, Dadanyahan got the six figures. Magbabaya had only one figure and it was the first human who become the guardians of the soil, water, and marine life, the plants, forests. How the World Began Bukidnon Folktale I. SETTING The story happened before earth was created where the gods lived up in the sky. It is evident by the words, â€Å"†¦long long time ago in Banting, a circular space of great brightness encircled with a rainbow.† II. CHARACTERS 1. Magbabaya – the one-headed god, who took pity on Makabughaw and decided to build an extension so the poor Makabughaw could rest. Since the beginning of the story he is a round character, he was sometimes helpful but most of the time bossy and making orders. Although in the end he turned mad and engaged in fight, it was only the course of his actions. 2. Dadanyahan – the ten-headed god, who can give whatever the two gods needed in order tto build or to make something. He is a dynamic character for he has changes in his attitudes in the course of story. From understanding and giving, he turned to be mad. 3. Makabughaw – the winged god had to flap his wings continuously to maintain his balance. He sat riskily between Mabgagaya abd Dadanyan. He made his first wind. He is a flat character, because he did not undergo any substantial change or growth in the course of the story. He was always a helper to the two other gods and just follow what they wished for. III. PLOT a. Exposition The three gods where living harmoniously in the circular space of great brightness. At first there was only wind and no more. They agreed to make the earth so Makabughaw could rest. From the saliva of Dadanyahan and the blessings of Magbabaya, they were also able to make the first rain that shaped the different water and landforms on the earth and made the land vegetative. b. Rising Action After making the earth and the different land, water forms and different plants, they thought there would be someone who will take care of their creations. So they agreed to form images look like them. Dadanyahan’s saliva and a blessing of Magbabaya and the labor of Makabughaw. c. Climax After the seventh figure was molded, Magbabaya had to live to do other things and he told to Dadanyahan not to tamper the image, but Dadanyahan did  and used his creative talents. This brought them into huge fight. d. Falling Action To end the fight they agreed to divide the images. Dadanyahan got the six images which became the engkantos and Magbabaya got only one image. e. Denouement The first human being sprung from the only image of Magbabaya and the small bits of clay from the image became the animals. IV. CONFLICT MAN vs. MAN – The conflict happened between the two characters of the story when they did not want to give way to each other. V. THEME Temptation and destruction Dadanyahan was tempted to touch the image and used his creativity on them, but he just made unwanted creatures that is why they had a big fight. It alsodestructed his friendship with Magbabaya.

Background And History Of Enron Accounting Essay

Enron was founded in 1985 through the amalgamation of Houston Natural Gas and Internorth, a natural gas company based in Omaha, Nebraska, and rapidly became the major energy and petrochemical trade goods bargainer under the leading of its president, Kenneth Lay. In 1999, Enron moved its operations online, touting the largest online trading exchange as one of the cardinal market shapers in natural gas, electricity, rough oil, petrochemicals and plastics. Enron diversified into coal, transportation, steel & A ; metals, mush & A ; paper, and even into such trade goods as conditions and recognition derived functions. At its extremum, Enron was describing grosss of $ 80 billion and net incomes of $ 1 billion, and was for six back-to-back old ages lauded by Fortune as America ‘s most advanced company. The sudden surrender, nevertheless, of Enron Vice-Chairman Clifford Baxter in May of 2001 and subsequent surrender of CEO Jeffrey Skilling in August of 2001, both of whom retired for unrevealed personal grounds, should hold served as the first indicant of the problems brewing within Enron. Mr. Skilling had been elected CEO merely months before, and Mr. Baxter had become Vice-Chairman in 2000. Finally, amidst analysts ‘ and investors ‘ inquiries sing unrevealed partnerships and rumours of crying accounting mistakes, Enron announced on October 16, 2001 it was taking a $ 544 million dollar after-tax-charge against net incomes and a decrease in stockholder equity by $ 1.2 billion due to related minutess with LJM-2. As will be discussed in the undermentioned subdivision, LJM-2 was partnership managed and partly owned by Enron ‘s CFO, Andrew Fastow. The LJM partnerships provided Enron with a spouse for plus gross revenues and purchases every bit good as an instrument to fudge hazard. Less than a month subsequently Enron announced that it would be repeating its net incomes from 1997 through 2001 because of accounting mistakes associating to minutess with another Fastow partnership, LJM Cayman, and Chewco Investments, which was managed by Michael Kopper. Mr. Kopper was the pull offing manager of Enron ‘s planetary finance unit and reported straight to the CFO, Mr. Fastow. Chewco Investments was a partnership created out of the demand to deliver an outside investor ‘s involvement in another Enron partnership and will be discussed at length in the undermentioned subdivision. Such restatements sparked a formal probe by the SEC into Enron ‘s partnerships. Other questionable partnerships were coming to visible radiation, including the Raptors partnerships. These restatements were prodigious, and combined with Enron ‘s revelation that their CFO Mr. Fastow was paid in surplus of $ 30 million for the direction of LJM-1 and LJM-2, investor assurance was crushed. Enron ‘s debt evaluations later plummeted, and one month subsequently, on December 2, 2001, Enron filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11.Q. 1 ) What were the steps which Enron had missed to regulate during the full dirt?At the clip of its filing for bankruptcy in December 2001 the complex industrial construction of Enron was to the full grasped by few foreigners, and more complete information as to the true degrees of its assets, liabilities and off-balance-sheet places was still blossoming. An thought of the house ‘s complexness can be obtained from such characteristic s as its 2,800 offshore units and the 54 pages required to name people and companies owed money by Enron. This was a far call from the house which in the 1980s specialized in the proviso of natural gas grapevines and related services. But from these beginnings Enron expanded unrelentingly into trading activities in 1,800 merchandises or contracts and 13 currencies. Part of the motive of Enron ‘s behavior was similar to that of many other houses in the 1990s, deducing from the links between stock monetary values and executives ‘ wage and wealth, above all through stock options. However, in Enron ‘s instance the factor of its recognition evaluation was besides of import. The house ‘s rapid enlargement required entree to big sums of funding ; and as its engagement in trading activities grew, so did the importance of its recognition evaluation since this determined its funding costs and crucially the willingness of its counterparties to merchandise with it. In order to keep the house ‘s recognition evaluation Enron sought it to be indispensable that it portrays a favorable income, while avoiding an inordinate purchase on Enron ‘s balance sheet. So as to accomplish this, the house resorted to extraordinary goings from transparence which affected the house ‘s dealingss with investors and creditors, its ain board of managers ( and therefore an of import portion of its internal control ) , and other stakeholders of the corporation. The house ‘s usage of particular purpose entities ( SPEs ) was portion and package of the patterns employed to pull strings the house ‘s net incomes figures and balance sheet, as was resort to hedge and the usage of derived functions in struggle with coverage regulations or concern logic ( or both ) . Many of the minutess associated with this use were besides associated with self-dealing by Enron executives taking to significant personal enrichment. In summing up the causes for Enron ‘s autumn are ascribed to Enron ‘s failure to detect good corporate administration. Enron ‘s showy use of grade to market accounting. Enron ‘s complex minutess with particular purpose entities. This analysis has been restricted to Enron ‘s non observation of good corporate administration. Corporate administration is concerned with the relationships between a concern ‘s direction and its board of managers, its stockholders and loaners, and it ‘s other stakeholders such as employees, clients, providers, and the community of which it is a portion. The capable therefore concerns the model through which concern aims are set and the agencies of achieving them and otherwise monitoring public presentation are determined. Good corporate administration follows rules which still vary significantly among states and which are presently the topic of assorted enterprises designed to accomplish understanding on an acceptable model of basic criterions. Execution of rules of good corporate administration presupposes satisfactory public presentation on the portion of several different parties from both the private and public sectors. The function of these parties must be complemented by effectual ordinance, which in the instance of a house with operations every bit complex a s Enron includes non merely major regulators of the fiscal sectors but besides the regulator of the energy sector. Certain facets that will be dealt, herein, are: Enron ‘s system of inducements and countenances Board of managers Accountants/auditors Banks, Financial analysts and SECsEnron ‘s system of inducements and countenancesThe influence of the house ‘s stock monetary value on the inducement system for Enron ‘s employees became progressively of import during the long fiscal roar of the 1990s. In the instance of senior staff this reflected a wage system of which a cardinal portion consisted of stock options. For other staff much of their nest eggs was invested in Enron stock with the active encouragement of Enron ‘s ain direction. An of import portion of this procedure consisted of retirement nest eggs programs under which staff ‘s ain parts were topped up by parts from Enron itself. Many of Enron employees had invested significant amounts in Enron ‘s ain stock ; this was actively encouraged by Enron ‘s direction itself. But at the same clip Enron officers and a few managers were themselves selling the house ‘s stock on a monolithic graduated table, gross revenues no uncertainty partially due to normal portfolio variegation but besides likely to hold been progressively influenced by insider cognition of the turning precariousness of Enron ‘s existent state of affairs.Board of managersIn order to accomplish good corporate administration an of import function is attribute to histrions in the board of managers and independent external hearers. Key maps of the board of managers, which were peculiarly relevant in the instance of Enron, include choice and wage of executives, being watchful to possible struggles of involvement adversely impacting the house, and guaranting the unity of the company ‘s systems of accounting and fiscal coverage . Prerequisites for satisfactory public presentation include entree to accurate and timely information bearing on the fulfillment of these duties. It should be emphasized that when looking at the managers of Enron ‘s Board it was apparent that the managers did non map independently. Fiscal ties between Enron and a bulk of its managers seem to hold weakened their objectiveness in their inadvertence of Enron. Such relationships with Enron may hold made it hard for such board members to be nonsubjective or critical of Enron direction. Many of these Enron Board members may hold felt that their compensation might be endangered by oppugning such concerns in Board meetings, therefore, bring forthing weak â€Å" nodders and flunkies † as managers and thereby, lending to the autumn of Enron. One widely recognized rule of good corporate administration is that the board be independent of direction. It is indispensable that a board be capable of looking objectively at the direction and outside professional advisers of a house, and Enron ‘s Board was non capable in this regard. It should besides be mentioned here that of the compensation paid to the board a significant proportion was in the signifier of stock options, a pattern capable of exercising on the board pressures to O.K. determinations probably to hold a favorable influence on the house ‘s stock monetary value similar to those besides exerted on direction. The Board should work to assist avoid struggles of involvement, guarantee scrutinizing independency and accurate fiscal coverage, oversee compensation patterns, every bit good as many other dislocations that occurred within Enron. Compromised by its restraints and conventionality the Board failed in its undertaking.Accountants/auditorsSing scrutinizing good corporate administration requires high-quality criterions for readying and revelation, and independency for the external hearer. Enron ‘s external hearer was Arthur Andersen, which besides provided the house with extended internal auditing and consulting services. The history of dealingss between Enron and Arthur Andersen suggests that they were often characterised by tensenesss due to the latter is scruples refering several characteristics of Enron ‘s. Materials from Audit Committee meetings indicate that its members were cognizant of such bad accounting methods being employed by Enron, but did non move on them. These concerns, nevertheless, were ne'er decently addressed and were non efficaciously communicated to the Audit and Compliance Committee by Andersen. It is of import to stress that Enron was utilizing engineerings ( or complex fiscal techniques ) that helped to befog the house ‘s true fiscal consequences. Had investors been more cognizant of and understood the significance of such extremely structured partnerships, they would non hold been as deceived by the fiscal consequences and would hold looked more skeptically at the house ‘s fiscal status. The deficiency of fiscal coverage transparence represents the failure of another bed of corporate administration protection that stockholders are usually provided. Stockholders rely on the fiscal studies and information that direction produces. When such studies are inaccurate and have been manipulated stockholders are stripped of another mechanism that helps to truly supervise the public presentation of direction, which is what happened with the instance of Enron.Banks and Financial analystsEnron ‘s Bankss were profoundly involved in the house ‘s resort to techniq ues for the use of its reported net incomes and balance sheet. The Finance Committee should hold taken a more proactive function in analyzing and supervising the minutess. It should be seen that the Finance Committee holding been cognizant of the unstable nature of the related-party minutess in Enron, failed in its duty of supervising the minutess. A forum for more extended inquiring from managers sing the minutess was the ground that such a commission existed. Their occupation was to examine and take apart the minutess that they reviewed and to supervise hazard, neither of which they did for these related-party minutess. Most fiscal analysts covering Enron stock continued to urge it to investors good into the fall of 2001, even as disclosures refering Enron ‘s accounting and direction weaknesss began to proliferate. Many of the analysts made this recommendation even though they admitted that they did non to the full understand the house ‘s operations and construction.Q. 2 Lacuna in the bing jurisprudence due to which the Enron dirt took topographic pointThe Enron LoopholeThe Commodity Exchange Act exempts certain energy derived functions contracts from ordinance by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( CFTC ) . These freedoms are popularly known as the â€Å" Enron loophole. † Soaring energy monetary values have raised concerns about whether the CFTC has adequate information about these unregulated markets to supervise energy trading in a comprehensive mode. The Farm Bill established a more rigorous regulative government for electronic trading installations that offer contracts that play a important function in puting energy monetary values. A figure of other measures in the hundred-and-tenth Congress would enforce new coverage or regulative demands on the bilateral energy barters market, which was non addressed by the Farm Bill. This study will be updated as legislative developments warrant. In 2000, Congress passed the Commodity Futures Modernization Act whose cardinal intent was to put out the conditions under which derivative fiscal contracts – instruments like hereafters, options, or barters, whose value is linked to the monetary value of some implicit in trade good – could be lawfully traded in the over-the counter ( OTC ) market, that is, away the hereafters exchanges that are regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( CFTC ) . The CFMA established three classs of trade goods and made them subject to changing grades of ordinance: fiscal trade goods ( such as involvement rates, currency monetary values, or stock indexes ) were defined as excluded trade goods. Excluded trade goods can be traded in the OTC market with minimum CFTC inadvertence, provided that little public investors are non allowed to merchandise. A 2nd class is agricultural trade goods ; here, because of concerns about monetary value use, the jurisprudence specifies that all derived functions based on farm trade goods must be traded on a CFTC-regulated exchange ; unless the CFTC issues a specific freedom after happening that a proposed OTC agricultural contract would be consistent with the public involvement. Finally, there is a 3rd â€Å" all-other † class – an exempt trade good – which includes whatever is neither fiscal nor agricultural. In today ‘s markets, this means chiefly metals and energy trade goods. The statutory freedom from ordinance provided by the CFMA for exempt trade goods is normally known as the â€Å" Enron loophole. † Before its prostration in 2001, Enron Corp. was a innovator in OTC energy trading and developed an electronic market ( Enron Online ) for trading physical and derivative contracts based on a figure of energy merchandises. Defined in the jurisprudence as fiscal establishments, insurance companies, broker/dealers, authorities units, professional hereafters bargainers, and concerns and persons run intoing certain plus and income thresholds. The given is that these are sophisticated bargainers who do non necessitate the protections offered by authorities ordinance. â€Å" Trading installation † is defined in jurisprudence as a â€Å" installation or system in which multiple participants have the ability to put to death or merchandise understandings, contracts, or minutess by accepting commands and offers made by other participants that are unfastened to multiple participants in the installation or system. † These are defined as eligible contract participants who ( 1 ) trade in the physical trade good or ( 2 ) on a regular basis provide hazard direction or hedge services to those who do. Defined as a trading installation, that operates over an electronic or telecommunications web and maintains an audit trail of minutess. Basically, one of the ways to counter fiscal dirts is to better the quality of scrutinizing services. However, the current legal, regulative and corporate administration model is robust and sufficient to protect the market. This is hard because the figure of fiscal dirts affecting hearers is increasing. Furthermore, whilst corporate administration may hold improved but the hearers ‘ responsibilities and duties are shrouded in enigma and mystique as of all time. There is a blank in the current legal model as the responsibilities and duties reposed on hearers under common jurisprudence, ‘the Companies Act ‘ , BAFIA and the CMSA are unequal in countering the fiscal dirts.Other defectsEnron, an energy trading company is the first dirt which shook up the scrutinizing profession although there were many instances affecting hearers since the 18 century. Enron has caused a crisis to the assurance in hearers and the dependability of fiscal coverage. The audit quality and the independency of the hearers were questionable. This is because the hearers, who were Arthur Andersen, were non merely having fees for scrutinizing but for non-audit services excessively i.e. for consultancy services. In 2001, Arthur Andersen earned US $ 55 million for non-audit services. Furthermore, there were regular exchanges of employees within Enron from Arthur Andersen. Under the common jurisprudence responsibilities and duties, there is no responsibility reposed on the hearers to avoid struggle of involvements. Therefore, the fact that Arthur Andersen was offering non-audit services is non a breach of jurisprudence in the first topographic point. Under ‘the Companies Act ‘ , although independency of the hearers is indispensable as can be seen in S. 9 of ‘the Companies Act ‘ which disqualifies certain individuals from being eligible as hearers, the proviso does non cover with issues refering the offering of non-audit services to the company. This is because the proviso merely prohibits an employee, officer, spouse or employee or employer of an officer from being appointed as an hearer. The offering of the non-audit services by the hearers to a company is in the capacity of an independent contractor. The jurisprudence assumes that such individuals are independent. This is because independency is the basis for scrutinizing. However, there will be struggle of involvement and hence the independency of the hearer will be affected. Although Arthur Andersen was doing a study on the company ‘s histories, they did non describe fraud to the stakeholders. This is because the fraud was committed by the direction. Kenneth Lay took place US $ 152 million although the company was confronting a loss. If the hearers were to describe they likely will non be appointed in subsequent old ages or be engaged for non-audit services. They made sure that they were in the direction ‘s good books. They maintained confidentiality but for the incorrect grounds. The U.S. authorities assured the stakeholders that Enron was merely a instance of one bad apple. Nonetheless, in 2002, WorldCom which is one of the biggest telecommunications company in US collapsed. The issue sing hearers reached a high degree due to Enron. It was found that the hearers, Arthur Anderson, did non take proper stairss in observing accounting abnormalities. Although it is the responsibility of the hearers to observe accounting abnormalities, they failed to make so. Since they failed to make so truly, they should be apt. As a consequence of Enron, the audit house Arthur Andersen in Malaysia was dissolved. On the other manus, it is hard to find the scope of the hearers ‘ responsibilities and duties. This is because in at least four affairs, the American International Group Incorporated ‘s hearer i.e. PricewaterhouseCoopers are cognizant of debatable accounting but decided that they were non material. If the position is shared by the scrutinizing profession, it can be considered that the hearers have performed their responsibilities and duties consequently. However, the position must besides be agreed by the tribunals before set uping whether the hearers have performed their responsibilities and duties consequently. When Enron took topographic point, it was thought it could non go on in Malaysia. In fact the SC believed that since Malaysia patterns different set of accounting and auditing regulations. However, much before Enron, there have been instances which involved scrutinizing dirts. In fact the dirts pose a changeless menace to the regulative construction, public trust and assurance in the market economic system. Therefore, it has raised concerns sing the credibleness of the audit profession. The consequence of these alterations was that, what had antecedently been a system of healthy cheques and balances became a united forepart at the disbursal of investors. Alternatively of holding opposed involvements that served to protect investors, they now had an unhealthy common involvement. The fiducial responsibility that executives owed to stockholders took a back place to the chase of a short-run addition in stock monetary value. Accountants, who had once policed fiscal studies in order to protect the public, now had a strong inducement to assist executives to make whatever it took to hike portion monetary value in order to maintain them as confer withing clients. And investing bankers no longer served as sure advisors to their clients, reconnoitering out the best securities. They found it more advantageous to work with executives and comptrollers to finance trades that raised stock monetary values, even if it meant selling out their clients.Q.3 ) What were the Amendments tha t were brought in station Enron Issue?The Enron Scandal caused a loss of an estimated $ 74 billion to the stockholders. After the prostration of Enron, several issues were earmarked for the attending of reformists including: – The function of concern financess in political candidacy. – The extent of energy companies ‘ influence on national energy policy. – The demand to reform pension Torahs to halt over-exposure to one stock and forestall a company from puting its pension financess in its ain stock. – The demand for higher criterions of transparence and revelation in the audit profession. – Potential struggles of involvement between consultancy and scrutinizing work undertaken by fiscal houses. – The demand for tighter ordinance on fiscal derived functions trading.Sarbanes -Oxley Act ( SOX ) of 2002The sudden prostration of Enron Corporation in late 2001, amid disclosures that its public accounting statements had been manipulated and falsified to hide the company ‘s true fiscal place, was the first in a series of major accounting dirts affecting American corporations. The response of the 107th Congress was to go through the Sarbanes-Oxley Act ( P.L. 107-204 ) , sometimes described as the most sweeping amendments to the securities Torahs since the 1930s. The SOX came as a US legislative response to the recent batch of accounting dirts. It provided for conformity with comprehensive reform of accounting and required for publically held companies to advance and better the quality and transparence of fiscal coverage by internal and external hearers. Companies must â€Å" list and track public presentation of their stuff hazards and associated control processs. â₠¬  Companies can no longer do loans to company managers. SOX Act besides did non turn to other cardinal causes: misaligned inducements ( e.g. , displacement from hard currency to stock option compensation focal point on short-term net incomes instead than longer run net income public presentation. Congress ‘s purpose in go throughing Sarbanes-Oxley was to reconstruct assurance in fiscal markets by increasing corporate answerability, heightening public revelations of fiscal information, and beef uping corporate administration. More terrible condemnable punishments for securities fraud were besides enacted. The Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) has adopted more than a twelve concluding regulations to implement the Act ‘s commissariats. These regulations raise criterions of answerability for corporate executives, boards of managers, independent hearers, and corporate lawyers. Some of the of import characteristics of the Act were: The Act created a national Accounting Oversight Board that, among other activities, must set up the moralss criterions used by CPA houses in fixing audits. It was required that the hearers retain audit working documents for specified periods of clip. It was required that hearer rotary motion forbiding the same individual from being the lead hearer for more than five old ages. It was required that the CEO and CFO certify that the company ‘s fiscal statements are true, just and accurate. The Act prohibited corporations from widening personal loans to executives and managers. It was required that the audited company discloses whether it has adopted the codification of moralss for its senior fiscal officers. It was required that the SEC on a regular basis review each corporation ‘s fiscal statements. The Act prevented employers from retaining against research analysts that write negative studies. It imposed condemnable punishments on hearers and clients for falsification, destructing, changing or hiding records. It imposed all right or penalty on any individual that defrauds stockholders. It increased punishments for mail and wire defraud from 5 to 20 old ages in prison. The Act establishes condemnable liability for failure of corporate officers to attest fiscal studies.A Few Possible Lessons and actionsa-?We need a structural inspection and repair of the system, including:New regulations forbiding houses that do the accounting for a company from making any confer withing for that company Through run finance reform, a committed attempt is needed to acquire large money out of political relations Reregulation and inadvertence of energy trading and distribution a-?We must penalize corporate irresponsibleness: More attempt and diligence is needed in tracking and exposing corporate irresponsibleness and authorities must beef up the current slap-on-the-wrist penalties. At a start, this includes a continued thorough probe of the Enron/Andersen by Congress, the SEC, and the Justice Department, with the public non accepting a watered down version from the authorities. a-?Workers should hold more engagement and power in direction determinations, particularly when pension financess are involved. If this had been in topographic point, Enron perchance would n't hold collapsed, and the employees surely could hold salvaged some of their nest eggs. Losing one ‘s full pension fund is good evidences for demanding employee determination doing power to forestall it in the hereafter. a-?We demand to fight against trade understandings – demand to go on to construct a strong, widespread battle against these trade understandings such as the GATS, and expose them for what they truly are: mechanisms for development of the universe ‘s people, land, resources, and public services. The authorization of these understandings is to let for the Enron ‘s of the universe unrestricted entree to privatise which will probably merely take to more Enron ‘s on a planetary graduated table. Without this battle, local and public services will go on to be lost.

Descriptive Essay A Closer Look at Descriptive Essay Writing

Descriptive Essay A Closer Look at Descriptive Essay Writing A descriptive essay is one of the major types of essays, requiring the student to provide a description of an object, person, place, device, or just about any other type of thing that can be described verbally. How to Write a Descriptive Essay This article is an overview of descriptive writing that may be a  useful guide for college students in writing their descriptive essays. First, lets focus on what a descriptive writing is. What Is a Descriptive Essay? A descriptive essay is one of the major types of essays, requiring the student to provide a description of an object, person, place, device, or just about any other type of thing that can be described verbally. Very often writers of descriptive essays are likened to artists who need to paint their pictures using only words – and thats exactly what is happening in descriptive writing. If you feel unsure about how to write your descriptive essay, you can always  ask for professional assistance  from our essay writers. Feel free to contact us and we will come up with a top-notch product that exceeds your expectations. Once you are ready, feel free to request assistance via chat, phone or email. Descriptive Writing:  What Is Special about the Descriptive Essay? The two essay methods of narrative and descriptive writing take very different approaches. A narrative essay deals with facts, situations, and events, and aims to educate and inform using direct, clear language.By contrast, a description essay uses more sensory means. The writer describes the topic in terms of detailed descriptions and impressions, using simile and metaphor to strong effect. A descriptive essay works on a deeper emotional level, and if successful it describes objects and situations in such a way that the reader feels they almost have a shared experience of the essays topic. Its an often-used but nonetheless true phrase that description essay writing relies on showing and not telling. Rather than simply relating a fact, a writer should show the reader how the topic is experienced, by using sensory details that draw the reader in  and using their sense of empathy to construct powerful images that they can relate directly to. When you need to choose the descriptive essay topics, you may need an information on how to pick proper essay topics: How to Pick Proper Essay Topics Purpose of Descriptive Writing The purpose of descriptive writing is to involve the reader in a deeper way than the drier style of narrative writing. By painting more vivid pictures that appeal to all of the five senses it offers a more affecting view, communicated in a stronger way. Its a powerful technique that requires some forethought to produce effective results. The precise approach you take, and the choice of similes and other figurative devices, will depend on what youre trying to convey. For example, you could simply describe a man as being old, but a more descriptive approach is to use words such as careworn, wise, dignified, and so on to put across a more nuanced impression than the bare facts that a narrative description would provide. If you are looking for the descriptive essay examples, you may read one good example of a description essay written by our essay writer: Descriptive Essay Example about Pandas Descriptive Essay Outline and Structure Although descriptive techniques can be used to improve the quality of almost any piece of writing, there is also a recognized structure to be followed when writing academic examples of descriptive essays. This consists of three major parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. The Introduction How to start a descriptive essay? The introductory paragraph of a descriptive essay should include a strong opening element to catch the readers attention, possibly using a quote or a particularly powerful image. It then goes on to outline the object, event, or situation that will be described  and the reason that the specific subject of the essay has been selected as the topic. The Body The body of the descriptive essay usually consists of three paragraphs. In the first, the object of the essay itself is described in detail, using as many points as necessary to paint a rich portrait. In the second paragraph, the context for the object is provided by describing the surroundings or background. Both these paragraphs should use strong imagery and imaginative comparisons throughout. The third paragraph appeals more directly to the readers senses and emotions, using the writers skill to describe the subject in ways that bring it to life and make the reader feel an empathetic connection. The Conclusion This is in many ways a repetition and reinforcement of the introduction and body sections, outlining again why the object or situation was chosen for the essay, and how the attributes described in the body paragraphs came to mean to the author in relation to the overall idea being expressed. Connective Words and Phrases in Descriptive Essay Writing An essay consisting of repetitions of the same sentence structures quickly becomes monotonous and difficult to read, lessening the gut-level descriptive effect. Connecting words and phrases help with this problem, providing natural ways to link the parts of the essay, and giving it greater flow and power. The possibilities for using connective words are almost unlimited, but a few examples of common linking situations and potential words to use in them include: Introducing another viewpoint, statement, or concept furthermore, whats more, additionally Showing the similarity between two points likewise, similarly, equally Showing contrasts however, nevertheless, on the other hand Proving or reinforcing a point evidently, therefore, particularly While the value of connective words and phrases is clear, sentences also lose the readers attention when they are too long. Even in descriptive essays brevity is a virtue. Connective words shouldnt be used excessively when succinct wording, shorter sentences, and a clearer separation of ideas could be more effective. A final point to bear in mind is that the first draft of a descriptive essay is rarely the most successful attempt. This is even truer than in other types of writing. Because of this, revision is an essential part of the process. Reviewing the essay with a fresh mind will help to reveal the true clarity or otherwise of the similes, metaphors, and other devices that have been used, and possible improvements will often make themselves surprisingly clear during the revision process. Descriptive Essay Writing Tips 1. Appeal to the readers imagination and senses. Describe how the thing looked, smelled, felt, sounded or even tasted, or even thought or imagined. Example:  We imagined they weren’t just mere dogs, but gigantic, slobbering wolves. 2. Use adjectives to describe things. They are probably the most important words that create a picture in your readers mind. Use a synonyms thesaurus if you feel youre running short of descriptors. Example:  The warm summer sun and the clear blue summer sky are such a marvelous experience. 3. Use literary devices. Things like simile and metaphor are the most basic ones. They will definitely add weight to your essay. Example:  His rough fingers that felt softer than silk when they brushed her skin (simile).  Aunt Kathies long fingers were thin gnarled branches (metaphor). 4. Use inversion (or inverse word order) for emphasis. Example:  These were the neighborhood people. These are the basic tips and techniques for writing a descriptive essay. Tools and literary devices should suffice for any of the college level writing. Remember to edit and proofread your essay once you are done with the draft of your paper. This will help to eliminate silly mistakes and is likely to prevent you from losing points.

Social loafing Essays

Social loafing Essays Social loafing Paper Social loafing Paper Social loafing A definition of a social loader is an individual who attempts to hide; when placed in a group situation and does not perform to his or her potential. When I am performing a relay, and I am the second leg of the relay and I no I am swimming with lots of very good swimmers on my team, I sometimes do not work as hard as when I am swimming a solo race on my own. I feel that I do not swim to my best potential and tend to slack off only doing enough to keep position. Goal setting Over trained Section B: psychological and physiological weaknesses Self efficacy Self efficacy is the degree of self confidence experienced by a performer when placed in a specific situation. Just before a big competition, or swimming gala, I feel myself have constant doubts about my ability. When I compete in butterfly which is my lease favourite stroke and the one I find most challenging, my levels of self efficacy decline and my confidence levels drop and my performance suffers as a result. By losing self confidence before a game it can lead to a bad performance and this may lead to increased anxiety. By having low levels of self efficacy I feel that motivation drops and the amount of effort applied will fall. Also my commitment and effort may drop and this will affect my performance and training dramatically. Information processing Anxiety/ over arousal Trait anxiety refer to the general disposition of an individual to perceive situations as threatening, just before a competition I feel really nervous which means I feel I am unable to mentally prepare as I should be, I lose concentration focus on other unimportant things, become very tensed and feel I do not listen to my coach but constant concerns about my performance. There are two types of anxiety cognitive and somatic, cognitive anxiety is experienced before an event and it involves the performers thoughts and worries concerning his or her ability to complete the task successfully. This anxiety is what affects me most. Somatic anxiety is physiological responses where you are placed in a situation and are unable to complete the task successfully. My attentional narrowing decrease, this is when arousal theories directly relate to my ability to focus on relevant cues. I tend to focus on irrevlant cues are my concentration is misdirected, for example I will have a slow start of the blocks or a slow changeover. This is known as attentional wastage and it decreases my performance. Section B : Physical and physiological factors Acceleration It is important when completing short distance swimming races for example 50m and 100m that you have power coming off the blocks and out of turns also power to gain advantage over performers. I feel I have a problem with anaerobic fitness and that the last sprint of the race is poor as I lack power and acceleration to finish well. ATP/PC system Long term training methods Section B strategic and tactical weaknesses elite performance Section B: psychological and physiological weaknesses :elite performance Section B : Physical and physiological factors :elite performance

The Union Jack Flag - Flag of the United Kingdom

The Union Jack Flag - Flag of the United Kingdom The Union Jack, or Union Flag, is the flag of the United Kingdom. The Union Jack has been in existence since 1606, when England and Scotland merged, but changed to its current form in 1801 when Ireland joined the United Kingdom Why the Three Crosses? In 1606, when England and Scotland were both ruled by one monarch (James I), the first Union Jack flag was created by merging the English flag (the red cross of Saint George on a white background) with the Scottish flag (the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew on a blue background). Then, in 1801, the addition of Ireland to the United Kingdom added the Irish flag (the red Saint Patricks cross) to the Union Jack. The crosses on the flags relate to the patron saints of each entity - St. George is the patron saint of England, St. Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland, and St. Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland. Why Is It Called the Union Jack? While no one is quite certain where the term Union Jack originated, there are many theories. Union is thought to come from the union of the three flags into one.   As for Jack, one explanation states that for many centuries a jack referred to a small flag flown from a boat or ship and perhaps the Union Jack was used there first.   Others believe that Jack could come from the name of James I or from a soldiers jack-et. There are plenty of theories, but, in truth, the answer is that no one knows for sure where Jack came from. Also Called the Union Flag The Union Jack, which is most properly called the Union Flag, is the official flag of the United Kingdom and has been in its current form since 1801. The Union Jack on Other Flags The Union Jack is also incorporated into the flags of four independent countries of the British Commonwealth - Australia, Fiji, Tuvalu, and New Zealand.

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview - Essay Example So many times, the unit has to work with families as a whole† in order to decrease the safety and risk factors that brought the children into states care in the first place†. Johnson’s job seems extremely difficult because they deal with families that have drug and violence problems, mental health issues and societal dysfunctions.  He is exposed daily to violence and other strenuous situations which could really take its toll in a period of time. Still, he performs his duties and responsibilities to reunite the children back with their parents or legal guardians. However, his department’s goals are seldom achieved. Nevertheless, he still continues to work and do his best to make a better place for Texans to live. With the strain employees can get from the situations described above, Johnson does not say he loves or even enjoys it. He claims though that â€Å"it takes a certain mentality to work at my job†. He tries to explain this by further saying, â€Å"There is a high degree of employee turnover and burn-out. My co-workers are all operating under the same level of stress and workload as I do, so there is an inherent bond we all share related to the understanding of what each co-worker has to deal with on a day to day basis†. ... consciously or unconsciously formed an action that benefits them emotionally and psychologically, assuring each other that they understand how they feel because they are going through similar situations. Probably, the knowledge that one is not alone in his struggles is already a great help for the employees especially for them who are dealing with difficult situations. This seems to be a different story told compared to other companies and departments. Nevertheless, perhaps the bond between the co-workers is more of a necessity that is called for by their circumstances and not an unusual occurrence that happen in their office. One negative impact of Johnson’s job is not having enough time with family. He claims that he loves his family, composed of a great wife and two children and mentions their cat and dog with a smile. He says he would really love to stay with them as much as he can. However, his job places restraints on this desire. He says, â€Å"I am on call 24 hours a day, and could have to go into work at anytime†. He further adds, â€Å"I often work more than an 8 hour day†. Asked how he handles situation between work and family, Johnson says he and his wife handle difficult situations the best way they can. He also informs that they learn from past mistakes and move on into better directions. When inquired if he ever tried some solutions to reduce pressure, he expressed his gratefulness for the counseling support given in their department. He also claims that with the nature of their work, it is not uncommon for the employees to seek counseling with therapists because they deal with really horrific situations. Speaking with therapists largely helps employees cope with stress however Johnson claims that whether or not employees are willing to deal with it is

Ionic and covalent Bonding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ionic and covalent Bonding - Essay Example The element that loses electrons forms cations while the element that gains electrons forms anions and the opposite charges form the ions to constitute the bonding (Saha 2010, p. 4). Covalent bonding however defines attractive forces between atoms through sharing of electrons. Each atom in the bond is unstable but is requires high energy to either gain or lose electrons and therefore shares electrons with a nearby atom. Covalent bonding may occur between atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements. The shared electrons forms part of the energy levels of both of the atoms and the attraction to each of the atom’s nuclei forms the bonding (Khanna, Verma and Kapila n.d., p. 230). Ionic bonding works through attraction between the formed ions. The bond between sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride illustrates this. Sodium atoms lose electrons from their outer most energy levels and therefore form ions with positive charges, sodium ions. Chlorine atoms gain the lost electrons into their outer most energy levels to form chloride ions with negative charges. The sodium and chloride ions then attract each other to form sodium chloride compound under ionic bond. The bond between chlorine atoms in a chlorine molecule however illustrates covalent bonding. Since the two atoms have high and equal affinity for an electron, they donate an electron each, that they share in the outer most energy level to attain stability (Saha 2010, p. 4; Khanna, Verma and Kapila n.d., p. 230). The main similarity between covalent and ionic bonding is the resultant bond that is created between atoms. Both ionic and covalent bonds also identify transfer of electrons across atoms towards formation of bonds (Vandermeer 2011, p. 157). Despite the similarities between the two types of bonds, they have many differences. The first difference is in the transfer of electrons in the

The Performance Appraisal System For as President & CEO of A Nonprofit Research Paper

The Performance Appraisal System For as President & CEO of A Nonprofit - Research Paper Example The major responsibilities of CEO and President are abundant and challenging. They are liable for directing an organization through making appropriate decisions. They are in charge of developing strategies and plans which can ascertain and promote the organization’s overall mission and purposes. They delegate responsibilities to the team members and ensure that the organizational objectives are met. CEO and President of a non-profit organization closely perform with other top executives to implement policies, systems, and other internal control mechanisms in order to enhance the operational procedures. Their other responsibilities comprise the recognition of opportunities for national and global expansion of organizational activities. They ensure that the organization is performing according to the set organizational objectives. CEO and President help to establish certain standards as well as measures in order to effectively utilize the organizational resources. Performance ap praisal plays the vital role in the overall management of performance of a non-profit organization. It serves two major objectives for a non-profit organization  it enhances the productivity by helping individuals to realize their complete potentials in order to undertake organizational mission and objectives and secondly, it provides information to the management for making work based decisions. Performance appraisal system is required in an organization as it not only assesses the performance but also helps to motivate the individuals.

Jet Blue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jet Blue - Essay Example Entertainment options were introduced and more travel destinations were opened to add convenience to travelers. It operates 75 flights to 7 cities in 22 states in U.S, and Puerto Rico, Mexico, Caribbean and Latin America. Their fleets consist of 127 units of Airbus and 190 units of 53 Embraer Aircrafts and the number of aircrafts is ever increasing. At present, JetBlue Airways employs 12,080 employees and is able to achieve sales growth of USD $4.1b in 2011 to USD$4.6B in 2012(Bloomberg Businessweek. 2013). It has displayed operational efficiency as it was also able to drive down administrative expenses and cost of sales from 4.88% to 4.48% that attributed for its bottom-line growth, report stated. Market data showed USD $5.98 per share whereas competitors are priced higher, for example, $49.52 for Alaska Air, its closest rival. Inasmuch as the company hires a big number of multi-levels of employees which are expected to come from different races and ideologies, cultural differences always subsist. Due to this, problems exist when cultural views are not understood. It is assumed that due to the technicality of airlines operation, there is a high context culture. This means the communicators assume a great commonality of knowledge and views so that less is spelled out explicitly and much more is communicated in indirect ways.† (â€Å"Cultural differences† n.d.) For instance, management maintains a â€Å"cohesive culture and visible leadership†. At JetBlue corporate responsibility are more than just donations to charitable institutions, but by creating programs to develop the environment, the youth, and the community (JetBlue Corporate Responsibility .2013). The expertise of JetBlue’s manager contributed largely to the success of the airline company. Being a second mover, the strategy of low cost airline has been a tried and tested formula for

Globalization Debate Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization Debate - Article Example This article, therefore, attempts to present a non-technical evaluation and explanation of the very terms that are being used to debate whether the globalization has yielded positive or negative results. Issues like poverty and inequality carry different explanations and assumptions and as such the tools used for measurement of these two statistics are used differently under different circumstances. What is also, however, critical to note that these measures often provide conflicting indications of the relative measure of all such statistics? What significantly more important is the fact that the author has been able to clearly distinguish between the relative and absolute concepts of the inequality and poverty and set the stage for declaring that most of the debate against globalization is directed towards the absolute measures of concepts rather than relative measures. A report published by World Bank during 2001 indicated that the globalization has indeed decreased the poverty levels in countries however, there is still further room for the improvement as more marginalized countries need more support in further improving the lives of their citizens. This report accounted for the growth results of two dozen countries measured over the period of 20 years since their integration into world economy. The results suggested that there has been a continuous improvement in the economic growth of these countries. This report to some extent indicates the claims made in the article that the globalization has actually led to the reduction of the poverty and inequality within the world and the overall debate, therefore, may not well directed at discrediting the role of globalization in reducing the poverty.

Primark- Between Affordability and Ethics Essay

Primark- Between Affordability and Ethics - Essay Example Primark’s name has also come to be associated with the employment of child labour and illegal immigrants. The company has a good ethical record in the sphere of environment and animal rights. However, the corporate practices of Primark do leave scope for ethical scrutiny. The top management of the company does need to formally recognize these ethical lacunas and take immediate steps to arrest its dwindling ethical credentials. Executive Summary Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 4 2.0 Discussion 4 2.1 Labour Practices 4 2.2 Environmental Concern 6 2.3 Ethical Corporate Practices 6 2.4 Animal Rights 6 3.0 Conclusion 6 4.0 Recommendations 7 Reference List 8 1.0 Introduction Primark is a clothing retailer of Irish origins that has its stores in United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Germany, Portugal and Ireland. Primark primarily tends to sell clothing items that affiliate to the budget segment of the market. Thereby it has to face an immense competition from vari ed other budget segment clothing retailers. Ostensibly speaking Primark commits allegiance to a code of ethics and the company expects its suppliers to follow the principles inherent in this code of ethics and strictly requires the suppliers and factories dealing with Primark to make it certain that the products supplied to the Primark are made by workers employed in good working conditions, and that these workers are treated in a humane and decent manner and are paid fair and wages (Primark 2013). However, in the recent times Primark has been in the eye of the storm owing to a range of issues that happen to go starkly contrary to the company’s professed code of conduct. This report intends to analyze the fact as to how Primark lives up to its ethical claims by considering the performance of Primark over a range of ethical parameters like the international codes of labour practice, complying with environmental norms, affiliating to corporate ethics and animal testing of produ cts. The report in the light of the conclusions drawn from this analysis also intends to facilitate some recommendations. 2.0 Discussion A careful perusal of the official website of Primark testifies to the fact that formally speaking the company has a code of ethics in place that claims allegiance to a range of imperatives pertaining to labour practices, environment, animal rights and ethical corporate practices. However, an extensive research into the media reports tells a different story. In the light of the available facts, it will be utterly insightful to analyze the ethical claims of Primark over a range of parameters. 2.1 Labour Practices The official code of ethics promulgated by Primark expects its suppliers to assure that the products supplied to Primark are made in working conditions that are good, safe, hygienic and humane (Primark 2013). The company also expects the suppliers and factories manufacturing Primark products to make it certain that at no time and in no way t hey violate internationally recognized codes of labour practice and abstain from practices like child labour, forced labour, paying unfair wages, excessive working hours, and meting inhuman and illegal treatment to workers (Primark 2013). Moreover, Primark joined Ethical Trading Initiative in 2006, an organization that tends to solicit the support and cooperation of a range of stakeholders like Non-government Organizations, corporations and trade

Globalization Debate Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization Debate - Article Example This article, therefore, attempts to present a non-technical evaluation and explanation of the very terms that are being used to debate whether the globalization has yielded positive or negative results. Issues like poverty and inequality carry different explanations and assumptions and as such the tools used for measurement of these two statistics are used differently under different circumstances. What is also, however, critical to note that these measures often provide conflicting indications of the relative measure of all such statistics? What significantly more important is the fact that the author has been able to clearly distinguish between the relative and absolute concepts of the inequality and poverty and set the stage for declaring that most of the debate against globalization is directed towards the absolute measures of concepts rather than relative measures. A report published by World Bank during 2001 indicated that the globalization has indeed decreased the poverty levels in countries however, there is still further room for the improvement as more marginalized countries need more support in further improving the lives of their citizens. This report accounted for the growth results of two dozen countries measured over the period of 20 years since their integration into world economy. The results suggested that there has been a continuous improvement in the economic growth of these countries. This report to some extent indicates the claims made in the article that the globalization has actually led to the reduction of the poverty and inequality within the world and the overall debate, therefore, may not well directed at discrediting the role of globalization in reducing the poverty.

Schizophrenia affects Essay Example for Free

Schizophrenia affects Essay Schizophrenia affects approximately 2.5 million Americans and more than 24 million people worldwide (Janssen). Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that is very difficult to live with. Schizophrenia has strong hereditary component (Smith, Segal). People with schizophrenia hear voices, lose touch with reality, can’t think clearly, function, see things or hear things that are not really there, and can’t distinguish what is real and what is unreal(Smith, Segal). Having this disorder could affect the relationship they have with others and even loved ones. To students who are non-aware of this disorder should know that this could happen to anyone. The early signs of schizophrenia comes’ without anyone being warned. You might have known someone your whole life and in a blink of an eye it could happen suddenly. Most cases of schizophrenia appear in the late teens or early adulthood. However, schizophrenia can appear for the first time in middle age or even later (Smith, Segal). The disorder is common in men than it is in women. The most common early signs of schizophrenia are insomnia, oversleeping, strange use of words, forgetful, depression, flat gaze, inappropriate laugh or cry, and abandonment at work or school (Smith, Segal). . There are so many other different signs of schizophrenia. Sometimes people with schizophrenia tend to think people are out to get them, or people are poisoning them through their food. Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior are all symptoms of schizophrenia. There are three major types of this disorder: paranoid schizophrenia, disorganized schizophrenia, and catatonic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia affects relationships because people with schizophrenia often get paranoid and suspicious of friends and their family. Drugs and alcohol play a big part in schizophrenia people because they often use drugs and drink to self- medicate themselves. Most of the time people with schizophrenia tend to think they are better and they do not think they need their medicine no longer, so they stop taking their medicine. When they stop  taking their medicine they usually relapse back into the delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior. Being diagnosed with schizophrenia is a long process. Doctors do an evaluation and ask questions pertaining to family history and the symptoms he or she is having. The doctors then will do a physical examination and see if anything could have caused this problem. The doctors usually will order a CAT scan or MRI to examine the brain for further explanations of the problems. Sometimes when doctors are diagnosing schizophrenia they usually hold them in a behavior floor in the hospital. Methodist Unity Point in Peoria, Illinois has a behavior floor for people with disorders. They watch for symptoms and evaluate their patients so they can diagnose them with the right diagnostics. Being diagnosed with schizophrenia could be devastating, but they can live a wonderful life. If people noticed a change in a loved one, make sure to seek medical attention. The faster people get treatment for schizophrenia they have a higher chance to improve their recovery. If you were to have schizophrenia it would not be your fault that you have it. No one is really sure why people get this disorder but there is no one to blame. It is actually easier for a person to cope with the idea of cancer than it is to understand the odd behavior, hallucinations or strange ideas of a person with schizophrenia (Grohol). People who are close to someone with schizophrenia often are affected by their symptoms. They may see things that aren’t really there or hear things telling them to say thing or do things they really don’t mean. Just know it’s not their fault and show as much love and support for them. People tend to be over-whelmed and their relationship with a person with a schizophrenia disorder eventually falls apart. Do not feel discourage or frightened there is hope for your loved one. REFERENCES Cannon, Tyrone. Cures for Schizophrenia | IMHRO. Cures for Schizophrenia | IMHRO (One Mind Institute). N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2014. Grohol, John M. All About Schizophrenia and Psychosis. All About Schizophrenia and Psychosis. N.p., 2 Sept. 2013. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. Pharmaceuticals, Janssen. About Schizophrenia Causes Prevalence of Schizophrenia. Causes Prevalence of Schizophrenia. N.p., 1 Aug. 2013. Web. 19 Sept. 2013. Schizophreniaand Psychosis. All About Schizophrenia and Psychosis. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2014. Smith, Melinda, and Jeanne Segal. Schizophrenia: Signs, Types Causes. Schizophrenia: Signs, Symptoms, Types, Causes, and Effects. N.p., July 2013. Web. 17 Sept. 2013.